Volume 12 | Issue 2

 Abstract

India's banking sector has undergone significant transformations, with mergers and acquisitions (M&As) playing a crucial role in addressing challenges like high non-performing assets (NPAs), low profitability, and inefficiencies. Driven by the government's goal to create stronger, competitive institutions, especially in public sector banks (PSBs), these mergers aim to enhance scale, capital efficiency, and credit delivery. This study examines the impact of recent mergers, such as those involving State Bank of India and Bank of Baroda, using financial ratios like Return on Assets (ROA), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and NPA ratios to assess performance. While mergers have generally improved financial stability, profitability, and reduced NPAs, challenges such as integration complexities, cultural mismatches, and job redundancies persist. The paper also discusses the broader implications of these mergers, including effects on competition, systemic risks, and economic inclusivity. Ultimately, it provides insights for policymakers to ensure that future mergers contribute positively to India's economy while managing associated risks.

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 Keywords

Banking Sector, Mergers and Acquisitions, Financial Performance

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Water is one of the most crucial and essential natural resources for sustaining life. In the coming decades it is likely become critically scarce due to rapid increase in population, increase in its demands for agriculture, industries, commercial development and expanding economy of the country. The use of various measures to reduce the demand or water use likely to conserve the existing limited water supply through the practices which require less water and reduces the wastage and misuse of water. Irrigation is perhaps the most important input in the agriculture production process and plays a key role. The other key inputs namely, seed and fertilizer cease to realize their full benefit unless combined with irrigation. Also in an economy where the supply of land is highly inelastic and the net sown area growth has leveled off, the future growth of agriculture is heavily dependent on intensive cultivation of the existing land. Irrigation greatly facilitates this by enabling farmers to grow multiple crops on the same plot of land across different agricultural seasons. As four rivers Varada, Dharma, Kumudwati and Tungabhadra flow in the district, comprehensive projects can be taken up to tap the irrigation potential. One major irrigation project ie Upper Tunga Project (UTP) is coming up in the district which will helpto bring an additional of 73239 ha area under irrigation distributed in Ranebennur (30,530ha), Haveri (27908ha), Hangal (2158 ha) and Hirekerur (9468 ha) and Byadagi(3175 ha.) , So far 22724 ha area in Ranebennur taluka and 9468 ha in Hirekerur taluka has been brought under irrigation. Under Dharma project an area of 5426 ha has been brought under canal irrigation in Hangal taluka. Malaprabha right canal bank project is being implemented in Savanur and Shiggaon talukas which will cover an additional area19600 ha under irrigation.

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 Keywords

Domestic Water Demand, Crop Water Demand, kharif, Upper Tunga Project (UTP), Gross Water Demand, BCM - Billion Cubic Meters

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LANKESHARA KATHEGALALLI STRI SAMAJA: ONDU SANKSHIPTHA NOTA

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LANKESHARA KATHEGALALLI STRI SAMAJA: ONDU SANKSHIPTHA NOTA

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Houdaryada Uralalli mattu Swathyantradedege Kadambarigalalli Swathanthrya Chaluvaliya Swaroopa

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Houdaryada Uralalli mattu Swathyantradedege Kadambarigalalli Swathanthrya Chaluvaliya Swaroopa

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Landless agricultural labourers are already a socially-economically disadvantaged community as we know. Thus, an attempt has been made to measure the cause-and-effect relationships leading to the migration of the landless according to socio-economic concepts through statistical analysis. An attempt is made in this research paper to know the work trend of landless agricultural labourers, the reason for migration, the distance of migration, and the period/periods of migration.

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 Keywords

Seasonal, Migration, Destination, Residential, Gender gap, and others.

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This study examines the frequency reasons, destinations, nature of work and wages associated with migration over five years among 50 individuals. The findings indicate that migration is primarily driven by economic factors, particularly the lack of employment opportunities in native villages, with 38% of respondents citing this as their main reason for moving. The study concludes that migration is primarily driven by economic necessity but it often results in low-paying and physically demanding jobs. These findings underscore the need for improved employment opportunities in rural areas and better working conditions for migrants at their destinations to reduce the reliance on frequent migration as a livelihood strategy.

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 Keywords

Migration, Proportion, Agriculture labourers, Working conditions

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Innovative ELT Methods: Use of IC in ELT

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Innovative ELT Methods: Use of IC in ELT

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Women Dairy Cooperatives are such a vital instrument in enhancing opportunities for women to get education and finance. Women cooperatives are exclusive women organisations to ran economic activities. These organisations provide platform for women to participate without any fear and inferior mentality and learn things and skill, exhibit their talent and earn financial support. Women Dairy Cooperatives are such vehicle and proved their strength in empowering women. In this article tried to give glance of growth of Women Dairy Cooperatives in India and Karnataka and their role in enriching lives of rural women. Secondary data was used. Explanation method was adopted.

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Growth of Women Dairy cooperatives- way to enrich lives of Rural Women

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"AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL TRANSACTION PREFERENCES IN KARNATAKA"

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"AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL TRANSACTION PREFERENCES IN KARNATAKA"

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The role of media in shaping youth culture and identity has become an area of significant academic interest, particularly with the rise of social media platforms. This research aims to explore how social media influences the cultural values, self-identity, and social behaviours of youth aged 18 to 24 in Akki-alur, Hangal Taluk, Haveri District, Karnataka. To provide a comparative analysis, the study divides participants into two groups: 100 youth who actively engage with social media platforms such as Instagram, WhatsApp, and Facebook (50 boys and 50 girls), and 100 youth who are less frequent users of social media. By examining these two groups, the study investigates the impact of media exposure on their perceptions of self, social roles, and interactions with peers and society. Through surveys and interviews, the research assesses the influence of social media on factors such as body image, social expectations, relationship dynamics, and the construction of personal and social identity. The study further explores whether intensive engagement with social media correlates with the adoption of media-driven trends, values, and behaviors, as opposed to those with limited media use. The findings aim to shed light on the complex relationship between media consumption and the formation of youth culture, providing insights into how media usage patterns shape the experiences and identities of young individuals in a rural Indian context. This comparative study highlights the potential role of social media as both a tool for cultural exchange and a platform for identity construction, contributing to the ongoing discourse on media's impact on youth in the digital age.

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Social media, identity , Youths, Socialization

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Kaivara Narayanappana Kalagnana Padyagalu

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Kaivara Narayanappana Kalagnana Padyagalu

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Inter-caste marriages in Karnataka represent a significant social phenomenon, highlighting the tension between evolving modern attitudes and deeply entrenched caste norms. This study examines the sociological implications of inter-caste marriages in Karnataka, exploring motivations behind these unions, their socio-cultural impacts, and the role of government policies in fostering social integration. Using secondary data sources such as government reports, academic research, and census data, this paper analyzes socio-economic, educational, and regional factors influencing inter-caste marriages and their broader implications on caste dynamics, social mobility, and family acceptance. Findings reveal that while inter-caste marriages can promote social mobility and challenge caste boundaries, couples frequently face discrimination, familial opposition, and, in some cases, social exclusion. The Karnataka government has introduced financial incentives and legal protections to encourage inter-caste marriages, aiming to reduce these challenges and support a more inclusive society. Although progress is noticeable in urban areas, social resistance persists, particularly in rural regions, reflecting Karnataka's complex journey toward caste integration.

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 Keywords

Inter-caste marriages, Social mobility, Caste dynamics, Karnataka, Social stigma, Government policies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition